Pengertian Jaringan Komputer

JARINGAN KOMPUTER

Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri atas komputer dan perangkat jaringan lainnya yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang sama. Tujuan dari jaringan komputer adalah:

• Membagi sumber daya: contohnya berbagi pemakaian printer, CPU, memori, harddisk

• Komunikasi: contohnya surat elektronik, instant messaging, chatting

• Akses informasi: contohnya web browsing

Agar dapat mencapai tujuan yang sama, setiap bagian dari jaringan komputer meminta dan memberikan layanan (service). Pihak yang meminta layanan disebut klien (client) dan yang memberikan layanan disebut pelayan (server). Arsitektur ini disebut dengan sistem client-server, dan digunakan pada hampir seluruh aplikasi jaringan komputer.

Klasifikasi Berdasarkan skala :

• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Campus Area Network (CAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN): suatu jaringan komputer yang menghubungkan suatu komputer dengan komputer lain dengan jarak yang terbatas.
• Metropolitant Area Network (MAN): prinsip sama dengan LAN, hanya saja jaraknya lebih luas, yaitu 10-50 km.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): jaraknya antar kota, negara, dan benua. ini sama dengan internet.
• Global Area Network (GAN)

Berdasarkan fungsi : Pada dasarnya setiap jaringan komputer ada yang berfungsi sebagai client dan juga server. Tetapi ada jaringan yang memiliki komputer yang khusus didedikasikan sebagai server sedangkan yang lain sebagai client. Ada juga yang tidak memiliki komputer yang khusus berfungsi sebagai server saja. Karena itu berdasarkan fungsinya maka ada dua jenis jaringan komputer:

• Client-server

Yaitu jaringan komputer dengan komputer yang didedikasikan khusus sebagai server. Sebuah service/layanan bisa diberikan oleh sebuah komputer atau lebih. Contohnya adalah sebuah domain seperti www.detik.com yang dilayani oleh banyak komputer web server. Atau bisa juga banyak service/layanan yang diberikan oleh satu komputer. Contohnya adalah server jtk.polban.ac.id yang merupakan satu komputer dengan multi service yaitu mail server, web server, file server, database server dan lainnya.

• Peer-to-peer

Yaitu jaringan komputer dimana setiap host dapat menjadi server dan juga menjadi client secara bersamaan. Contohnya dalam file sharing antar komputer di Jaringan Windows Network Neighbourhood ada 5 komputer (kita beri nama A,B,C,D dan E) yang memberi hak akses terhadap file yang dimilikinya. Pada satu saat A mengakses file share dari B bernama data_nilai.xls dan juga memberi akses file soal_uas.doc kepada C. Saat A mengakses file dari B maka A berfungsi sebagai client dan saat A memberi akses file kepada C maka A berfungsi sebagai server. Kedua fungsi itu dilakukan oleh A secara bersamaan maka jaringan seperti ini dinamakan peer to peer.

Berdasarkan topologi jaringan, jaringan komputer dapat dibedakan atas:

• Topologi bus

• Topologi bintang

• Topologi cincin

• Topologi mesh

• Topologi pohon

• Topologi linier

Berdasarkan kriterianya, jaringan komputer dibedakan menjadi 4 yaitu:

1. Berdasarkan distribusi sumber informasi/data

- Jaringan terpusat Jaringan ini terdiri dari komputer klient dan server yang mana komputer klient yang berfungsi sebagai perantara untuk mengakses sumber informasi/data yang berasal dari satu komputer server

- Jaringan terdistribusi Merupakan perpaduan beberapa jaringan terpusat sehingga terdapat beberapa komputer server yang saling berhubungan dengan klient membentuk sistem jaringan tertentu.

2. Berdasarkan jangkauan geografis dibedakan menjadi:

- Jaringan LAN merupakan jaringan yang menghubungkan 2 komputer atau lebih dalam cakupan seperti laboratorium, kantor, serta dalam 1 warnet.

- Jaringan MAN Merupakan jaringan yang mencakup satu kota besar beserta daerah setempat. Contohnya jaringan telepon lokal, sistem telepon seluler, serta jaringan relay beberapa ISP internet.

- Jaringan WAN Merupakan jaringan dengan cakupan seluruh dunia. Contohnya jaringan PT. Telkom, PT. Indosat, serta jaringan GSM Seluler seperti Satelindo, Telkomsel, dan masih banyak lagi.

3. Berdasarkan peranan dan hubungan tiap komputer dalam memproses data.

- Jaringan Client-Server Pada jaringan ini terdapat 1 atau beberapa komputer server dan komputer client. Komputer yang akan menjadi komputer server maupun menjadi komputer client dan diubah-ubah melalui software jaringan pada protokolnya. Komputer client sebagai perantara untuk dapat mengakses data pada komputer server sedangkan komputer server menyediakan informasi yang diperlukan oleh komputer client.

-Jaringan Peer-to-peer Pada jaringan ini tidak ada komputer client maupun komputer server karena semua komputer dapat melakukan pengiriman maupun penerimaan informasi sehingga semua komputer berfungsi sebagai client sekaligus sebagai server.

4. Berdasarkan media transmisi data

- Jaringan Berkabel (Wired Network) Pada jaringan ini, untuk menghubungkan satu komputer dengan komputer lain diperlukan penghubung berupa kabel jaringan. Kabel jaringan berfungsi dalam mengirim informasi dalam bentuk sinyal listrik antar komputer jaringan.

- Jaringan Nirkabel (Wireless Network) Merupakan jaringan dengan medium berupa gelombang elektromagnetik. Pada jaringan ini tidak diperlukan kabel untuk menghubungkan antar komputer karena menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik yang akan mengirimkan sinyal informasi antar komputer jaringan.

TURBO PASCAL

Abstract: Combining the simplicity of Apple's Object Pascal language with the power and efficiency of C++ to create Turbo Pascal 5.5, the object-oriented programming language for the rest of us. Updated with a PDF of the first two chapters of the language guide.

Antique Software: Turbo Pascal version 5.5

Ship date: 2-May-1989

Turbo Pascal 5.5, the world-standard Pascal compiler, adds Object-Oriented Programming. Combining the simplicity of Apple's Object Pascal language with the power and efficiency of C++ to create Turbo Pascal 5.5, the object-oriented programming language for the rest of us. Turbo Pascal 5.5 came in two versions: Turbo Pascal (the base product), and Turbo Pascal Professional (included Turbo Assembler and Turbo Debugger).

How to Download Turbo Pascal 5.5

Go to the Turbo Pascal 5.5 download page to download the software. When you are finished downloading the software, use your favorite zip utility (like PKZIP or WinZip) to decompress the zip file to a folder on your hard drive. Turbo Pascal 5.5 shipped on 2 floppy disks. Make sure you chose the decompression software's option to preserve folder names (-d for pkunzip, look for the check box option for winzip). You can make a 2-disk floppy set or you can install Turbo Pascal 5.5 direct from your hard drive.

These historical files are provided to the Borland community free of charge. They may be downloaded and used "as is" for personal use only. No developer support is provided. Each individual product contains copyright notices that are still in force. These files may not be made available via the Internet or any hard copy media (e.g. diskette, CDROM). We make no claims about Year 2000 compatibility for our antique software. If you have technical questions, you should ask the questions on our Internet newsgroups (there may be someone who remembers these old tools).

Turbo Pascal 5.5 Features

• Inheritance

• Static & dynamic objects

• Constructors and Destructors

• Object constants

• Compiles @ > 34,000 lines/minute

• New integrated environment tutorial

• Hypertext Help with copy & paste

• Enhanced smart linker & overlay manager

• Support for Intel 8087, 80287, 80387 math co-processors

• Integrated source-level debugging

Turbo Pascal 5.5 Advertisement

Below is a scanned image of the Turbo Pascal 5.5 advertisement. Click on the image to display a larger version (362kb) of the ad.

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Community member Bill Meyer was kind enough to scan in and convert the first two chapters of the TP 5.5 Object Oriented-Programming Chapter guide into a PDF. He has done a fantastic job with it. You can view (or download, it's 2.58MB) the Introduction and "All About OOP" chapters of the guide from the file TP_55_OOP_Guide.pdf. While it's old, the OOP chapter still does a good job of covering the concepts of Object-Oriented Programming.

The following is the Readme file that came with Turbo Pascal 5.5. Please notice that any mention of support, references to phone numbers or addresses are here for historical purposes. Since this is antique software, there is no developer support for this product. If you have questions, you should ask them on our Internet newsgroups. You might find an old timer who still remembers using this version of Turbo Pascal.

WELCOME TO TURBO PASCAL 5.5

---------------------------

This README file contains important, last minute information

about Turbo Pascal 5.5. The HELPME!.DOC file also answers many

common Technical Support questions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

-----------------

1. Turbo Debugger

2. Important Notes & Additions

3. Tour - New introduction to the IDE

4. Corrections to the manual

5. Turbo Pascal 5.5 and the Toolboxes

6. Listing of Files on the Disks

1. TURBO DEBUGGER

-----------------

Turbo Debugger has been upgraded to version 1.5 to support

Turbo Pascal 5.5's object-oriented extensions. You can debug

both 5.0 and 5.5 programs with the new release of TD (1.5). If

you have TD 1.0, you can still debug any TP 5.5 programs that

do not use objects.

If you don't already have Turbo Debugger 1.5, call Customer

Service for information about upgrading: (408) 438-5300.

2. IMPORTANT NOTES & ADDITIONS

------------------------------

o REBUILD TPUs. Remember to rebuild your old units with version

5.5 or you'll get an error 72 (Unit file format error) when you

try to use that unit. To rebuild an entire program from the

Integrated Development Environment, load the main program into

the editor and select the COMPILE/BUILD menu command. If you

are using the command-line compiler, type:

tpc /b ProgramName

You'll need to have all source code available in the logged

directory or in the OPTIONSDIRECTORYUNIT DIRECTORY path.

o COMPILER ERROR MESSAGES. The following compiler error

messages have been added or modified:

99 File and procedure types are not allowed here

146 File access denied

o RUN-TIME ERROR MESSAGE. The following new run-time error

message will occur if range-checking is on {$R+} and a call is

made to an object's virtual method when that object has not yet

been initialized via a constructor call (see Page 37 in the

Object-Oriented Programming Guide for more information):

210 Object not initialized

3. TOUR - NEW INTRODUCTION TO THE IDE

-------------------------------------

Version 5.5 now includes Tour, an online introduction to the

Integrated Development Environment (IDE). If you are new to

Turbo Pascal, spending 15 minutes with Tour will get you up to

speed in the IDE.

4. CORRECTIONS TO THE OOP GUIDE

-------------------------------

o Page 3: The reference to using TINST at the bottom of the page

should indicate Page 308 of the User's Guide.

o Page 94: To perform more complete error checking in the

code fragment at the top of the page, insert a conditional

statement immediately after the OverInitEMS call:

...

OvrInitEMS;

if (OvrResult = OvrOK) then

begin

SaveOvrRead := OvrReadBuf; { Save EMS default }

OvrReadBuf := MyOvrRead; { Install ours }

UsingEMS := true;

end;

o Page 114 - 118: Corrections or Additions to the Index

extensibility 46,78

Fail 107

with (reserved word)

statement 13,22,78,82

implicit 17

5. TURBO PASCAL 5.5 AND THE TOOLBOXES

-------------------------------------

The source code from version 4.0 of all Turbo Pascal toolboxes

(including the Turbo Pascal Tutor) is fully compatible with 5.5.

6. LIST OF FILES ON THE DISKS

INSTALL/COMPILER/TOUR/ONLINE HELP

---------------------------------

INSTALL EXE - Installs Turbo Pascal on your system

README COM - Program to display README file

TURBO EXE - Turbo Pascal Integrated Development Environment

TURBO TPL - Resident units for Turbo Pascal

TPC EXE - Command-line version of Turbo Pascal

UNPACK COM - Unpacks .ARC files

HELP ARC - Archived Turbo Pascal Help File (TURBO.HLP)

TOUR ARC - Archived Tour of the Integrated

Development Environment

TOUR EXE - Tour program

TPTOUR1 CBT - Tour data file

TPTOUR2 CBT - Tour data file

THELP COM - Memory-resident help program so you can get

Online Help even if you are not working in the

Integrated Development Environment.

README - This file!

OOP/DEMOS/BGI/DOC/UTILITIES/MISC

--------------------------------

OOPDEMOS ARC - Packed file that contains object-oriented

programming (OOP) examples

OOPDEMOS DOC - Documentation overview of OOP examples

ODEMO PAS - Example for OBJECTS.PAS

OBJECTS PAS - OOP unit that defines some basic object types

BUFSTM ASM - Assembler code for OBJECTS.PAS

DOSSTM ASM - Assembler code for OBJECTS.PAS

STREAM ASM - Assembler code for OBJECTS.PAS

OBJECTS INC - Assembler code for OBJECTS.PAS

DOSSTM OBJ - .OBJ file for OBJECTS.PAS

BUFSTM OBJ - .OBJ file for OBJECTS.PAS

STREAM OBJ - .OBJ file for OBJECTS.PAS

FDEMO PAS - Example for FORMS.PAS, SLIDERS.PAS

FORMS PAS - OOP forms entry/edit unit

SLIDERS PAS - OOP unit that extends FORMS.PAS

CARDFILE PAS - Database example for CARDS.PAS

CARDS DTA - Example data for CARDFILE.PAS

CARDS PAS - OOP unit that implements cards database

CARDGEN PAS - Generates example databases for CARDFILE.PAS

BREAKOUT PAS - OOP game example

BOUNDS PAS - OOP unit for Breakout demo

BRICKS PAS - OOP unit for Breakout demo

WALLS PAS - OOP unit for Breakout demo

COUNT PAS - OOP unit for Breakout demo

SCREEN PAS - OOP unit for Breakout demo

POINTS PAS - From page 20 of the OOP Guide

FIGURES PAS - From page 42 of the OOP Guide

FIGDEMO PAS - From page 47 of the OOP Guide

LISTDEMO PAS - From page 57 of the OOP Guide

TCALC ARC - Packed file with complete source code to

new object-oriented Turbo Calc example program

TCALC PAS - Turbo Calc example program

TCALC DOC - Documentation for TCALC demo

TCCELL PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCCELLSP PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCHASH PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCINPUT PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCLSTR PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCMENU PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCPARSER PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCRUN PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCSCREEN PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCSHEET PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCUTIL PAS - OOP unit for TCALC demo

TCCOMPAR ASM - Assembler code for TCALC demo

TCMVSMEM ASM - Assembler code for TCALC demo

TCCOMPAR OBJ - .OBJ file for TCALC demo

TCMVSMEM OBJ - .OBJ file for TCALC demo

DEMOS ARC - Packed file that contains example (non-object

oriented) programs

WINDEMO PAS - WIN.PAS demo

WIN PAS - Simple windowing extensions to Crt unit

WIN ASM - Assembler code for WIN.PAS

WIN OBJ - .OBJ file for WIN.PAS

EXECDEMO PAS - Executes a child program (DOS unit)

DIRDEMO PAS - Displays directory, uses procedural types

CRTDEMO PAS - Crt unit demo

OVRDEMO PAS - Overlay unit demo

OVRDEMO1 PAS - Example unit for OVRDEMO.PAS

OVRDEMO2 PAS - Example unit for OVRDEMO.PAS

CIRCULAR PAS - Demos the USES clause in implementation section

DISPLAY PAS - Example unit for CIRCULAR.PAS

ERROR PAS - Example unit for CIRCULAR.PAS

QSORT PAS - QuickSort example

LISTER PAS - Printer unit demo

HILB PAS - Floating-point demo

FIB8087 PAS - Recursive example that uses the 8087 math

coprocessor and avoids 8087 stack overflow

PROCVAR PAS - Simple procedural types demo

EMS PAS - Example program that shows how to use expanded

memory from your programs

CPASDEMO PAS - Example program that shows how to link TURBO C .OBJ

files into Turbo Pascal programs

CPASDEMO C - C program for use with CPASDEMO.PAS

CTOPAS TC - Turbo C configuration file to use with TC.EXE

for producing .OBJ files that can be linked with

Turbo Pascal (see CPASDEMO.PAS)

TURBOC CFG - Turbo C configuration file to use with TCC.EXE for

producing .OBJ files that can be linked with Turbo

Pascal (see CPASDEMO.PAS)

BGI ARC - Packed file that contains graphics documentation,

drivers, fonts, and examples

GRAPH TPU - Borland Graphics Interface (BGI) Graph unit

ATT BGI - Graphics device driver for AT&T 6300

CGA BGI - Graphics device driver for CGA and MCGA

EGAVGA BGI - Graphics device driver for EGA and VGA

HERC BGI - Graphics device driver for Hercules mono

PC3270 BGI - Graphics device driver for 3270 PC

IBM8514 BGI - Graphics device driver for IBM 8514

GOTH CHR - Gothic font character set

LITT CHR - Small font character set

SANS CHR - Sans serif font character set

TRIP CHR - Triplex font character set

BGIDEMO PAS - Graph unit example

ARTY PAS - Graph unit example

BGILINK PAS - Graph unit example that shows how to link

font and driver files into an .EXE file

DRIVERS PAS - Example unit for use with BGILINK.PAS

FONTS PAS - Example unit for use with BGILINK.PAS

BGILINK MAK - Make file for use with BGILINK.PAS

DOC ARC - Interface section listings for system units

THELP DOC - Documentation for memory-resident help utility

SYSTEM DOC - Interface section listing for the System unit

DOS DOC - Interface section listing for the Dos unit

CRT DOC - Interface section listing for the Crt unit

PRINTER DOC - Interface section listing for the Printer unit

OVERLAY DOC - Interface section listing for the Overlay unit

GRAPH DOC - Interface section listing for the Graph unit

TURBO3 DOC - Interface section listing for the Turbo3 unit

GRAPH3 DOC - Interface section listing for the Graph3 unit

HELPME! DOC - Text file with the answers to many common

questions. If you have a technical question

about Turbo Pascal, chances are good that the

question and answer are in HELPME!.DOC.

TINSTXFR EXE - Transfers 4.0 and 5.0 IDE customizations to 5.5

UTILS ARC - Packed file that contains a number of useful

utilities

TINST EXE - Customization program for TURBO.EXE

MAKE EXE - Manages projects

GREP COM - Searches text files for strings

TOUCH COM - Changes a file's timestamp to force re-compilation

BINOBJ EXE - Converts a binary data file to an .OBJ file

TPUMOVER EXE - Unit mover utility

TPCONFIG EXE - Converts .TP files to .CFG

TURBO3 ARC - Turbo 3.0 compatibility files

UPGRADE EXE - Program that converts 3.0 programs to 5.5

UPGRADE DTA - Data file for UPGRADE.EXE

TURBO3 TPU - TURBO3 compatibility unit

GRAPH3 TPU - GRAPH3 compatibility unit (turtle graphics)

BCD PAS - Unit to convert Turbo Pascal 3.0 BCD reals to

Turbo Pascal 5.5 floating point numbers